Sains Malaysiana 47(7)(2018): 1517–1525 http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2018-4707-20
Epoxidized Natural
Rubber/Polyvinyl Chloride/Microcrystalline Cellulose (ENR/PVC/MCC)
Composite Membrane for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)
Treatment
(Membran Komposit Getah Asli
Terepoksida/Polivinil Klorida/ Selulosa Mikrohablur (ENR/PVC/MCC)
untuk Rawatan Efluen Kilang Minyak Kelapa Sawit (POME))
AINA AQILA ARMAN ALIM1 & RIZAFIZAH OTHAMAN1,2*
1School of Chemical
Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
2Polymer Research Centre,
Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM
Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Diserahkan: 2 Oktober
2017/Diterima: 10 Mac 2018
ABSTRACT
Epoxidized natural rubber/polyvinyl
chloride/microcrystalline cellulose (ENR/PVC/MCC) composite
membranes were prepared and used to treat palm oil mill effluent (POME).
The loadings of MCC were varied at 0, 5, 10 and 15
w/w%. The increment of MCC loads has intensified the hydroxyl
peak of the membranes in FTIR spectrum, indicating the increase
in membrane hydrophilicity. MCC acted as a pore forming
agent since the ENR/PVC/10% MCC gave
the highest water flux and well-distributed pores. After first treatment of POME,
the levels of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD)
and total suspended solid (TSS) were reduced to 99.9%, 70.3%, and
16.9%, respectively. These data showed that ENR/PVC/MCC membrane
has the potential to treat POME.
Keywords: Composite membrane;
epoxidized natural rubber; microcrystalline cellulose; polyvinyl chloride; pore
forming agent
ABSTRAK
Membran komposit getah asli terepoksida/polivinil
klorida/selulosa mikrohablur (ENR/PVC/MCC)
telah disediakan dan digunakan untuk rawatan efluen kilang minyak
kelapa sawit (POME).
Penambahan MCC telah divariasikan pada 0, 5, 10 dan 15 w/w%. Penambahan
MCC telah meningkatkan puncak hidroksil membran melalui
spektrum FTIR yang menunjukkan peningkatan sifat hidrofilik membran.
MCC juga bertindak sebagai ejen penjanaan liang disebabkan
oleh bacaan ujian fluks air yang paling tinggi dan taburan liang
yang sekata pada membran ENR/PVC/10% MCC.
Selepas rawatan POME yang pertama, tahap permintaan oksigen
kimia (COD), permintaan oksigen biokimia (BOD)
dan jumlah pepejal terampai (TSS) masing-masing telah berkurang
sebanyak 99.9%, 70.3% dan 16.9%. Oleh itu, membran ENR/PVC/MCC didapati
berpotensi untuk merawat POME.
Keywords: Agen penjanaan liang: getah asli terepoksida; membran
komposit; polivinil klorida; selulosa mikrohablur
RUJUKAN
Ahmad, A.L.,
Ismail, S. & Bhatia, S. 2013. Water recycling from palm oil mill effluent
(POME) using membrane technology. Desalination 157(1-3): 87-95.
Ahmad, A.L.,
Chong, M.F., Bhatia, S. & Ismail, S. 2006. Drinking water reclamation from
palm oil mill effluent (POME) using membrane technology. Desalination 191(1-3):
35-44.
Alomayri,
T., Assaedi, H., Shaikh, F.U.A. & Low, I.M. 2014. Effect of water
absorption on the mechanical properties of cotton fabric-reinforced geopolymer
composites. Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies 2(3): 223-230.
Azmi, N.S.
& Yunos, K.F.M. 2014. Wastewater treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME)
by ultrafiltration membrane separation technique coupled with adsorption
treatment as pre-treatment. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 2:
257-264.
Bai, H.,
Wang, X., Sun, H. & Zhang, L. 2015. Permeability and morphology study of
polysulfone composite membrane blended with nanocrystalline cellulose. Desalination
and Water Treatment 53(11): 2882-2896.
Bala, J.D.,
Lalung, J. & Ismail, N. 2014. Biodegradation of palm oil mill effluent
(POME) by bacterial. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 4(3): 1-10.
Chen, W.,
Su, Y., Zhang, L., Shi, Q., Peng, J. & Jiang, Z. 2010. In situ generated
silica nanoparticles as pore-forming agent for enhanced permeability of
cellulose acetate membranes. Journal of Membrance Science 348(1-2):
75-83.
Chong, S.S.,
Aziz, A.R.A. & Harun, S.W. 2013. Fibre optic sensors for selected
wastewater characteristics. Sensors 13(7): 8640-8668.
Demirel, E.,
Zhang, B., Papakyriakou, M., Xia, S. & Chen, Y. 2017. Fe2O3 nanocomposite
PVC membrane with enhanced properties and separation performance. Journal of
Membrane Science 529: 170-184.
Ghaee, A.,
Shariaty-Niassar, M., Barzin, J., Matsuura, T. & Fauzi, A. 2015.
Preparation of chitosan/cellulose acetate composite nanofiltration membrane for
wastewater treatment. Desalination and Water Treatment 57(31):
14453-14460.
Hassan, S.,
Kee, L.S. & Al-Kayiem, H.H. 2016. Experimental study of palm oil mill
effluent and oil palm frond waste mixture as an alternative biomass fuel. Journal
of Engineering Science and Technology 8(6): 703-712.
JAS. 2011. Revised
Standard Methods for Analysis of Rubber and Palm Oil Mill Effluent. Kuala
Lumpur: Jabatan Alam Sekitar.
Jon, N.,
Abdullah, I. & Othaman, R. 2013. Effect of silica on the formation of
epoxidized natural rubber/polivinyl chloride membrane. Sains Malaysiana 42(4):
469-473.
Jouanneau,
S., Recoules, L., Durand, M.J., Boukabache, A., Picot, V., Primault, Y. &
Lakel, A. 2014. Methods for assessing biochemical oxygen demand (BOD): A
review. Water Research 49: 62-82.
Kahar, H. &
Idris, S.A. 2012. Effect of rice husks as filler in polymer matrix. Mechanical
Engineering and Science 2: 181-186.
Klaysom, C.,
Moon, S.H., Ladewig, B.P., Lu, G.Q.M. & Wang, L. 2011. The influence of
inorganic filler particle size on composite ion-exchange membranes for
desalination. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 115(31): 15124-15132.
Kou, J.,
Zhou, X., Chen, Y., Lu, H., Wu, F. & Fan, J. 2013. Water permeation through
single-layer graphyne membrane. The Journal of Chemical Physics 139:
1-6.
Lau, P., Ismail,
A.F., Goh, P.S., Hilal, N. & Ooi, B.S. 2015. Characterization methods of
thin film composite nanofiltration membranes. Separation & Purification
Reviews 44(2): 135-156.
Madaeni,
S.S., Khorasani, A., Asgharpour, M., Ghoreshi, S.A. & Lotfi, M. 2013.
Removal of mixtures of viruses using microfiltration membrane. Desalination
and Water Treatment 51(22-24): 4313-4322.
Marbelia,
L., Roil, M., Bertels, N., Laine, C. & Vankelecom, I.F.J. 2016. Ribbed
PVC–silica mixed matrix membranes for membrane bioreactors. Journal of
Membrane Science 498: 315-323.
Mod, N.,
Anuar, F.H. & Othaman, R. 2016. Preparation and characterization of
epoxidised natural rubber (ENR)/ poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) (ENR/PVDF)
composite membrane. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences 20(5):
1090-1094.
MPOB. 2014.
Oil Palm & The Environment. http://www.mpob. gov.my/en/palm-info/environment/520-achievements.
Accessed on 7 March 2018.
Nor, F.M. & Othaman,
R. 2015. Effects of MgO particle loading on gas permeation properties of epoxidized
natural rubber (ENR)/polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane. Sains
Malaysiana 44(6): 875-881.
Ong, C.S., Lau, W.J.,
Goh, P.S., Ng, B.C. & Ismail, A.F. 2015. Preparation and characterization
of PVDF–PVP–TiO2 composite hollow fiber
membranes for oily wastewater treatment using submerged membrane system. Desalination
and Water Treatment 53(5): 1213-1223.
Ordonez, R., Hermosilla,
D., Merayo, N., Negro, C. & Blanco, A. 2012. Application of multi-barrier
membrane filtration technologies to reclaim municipal wastewater for industrial
use. Separation & Purification Reviews 43(4): 263-310.
Rabiee, H., Vatanpour,
V., Farahani, M.H.D.A. & Zarrabi, H. 2015. Improvement in flux and
antifouling properties of PVC ultrafiltration membranes by incorporation of
zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. Separation & Purification Technology 156(2):
299-310.
Rambabu, K. & Velu,
S. 2016. Improved performance of CaCl2 incorporated polyethersulfone
ultrafiltration membranes. Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering 60(3):
181- 191.
Ramesh, S., Kim, H.S.
& Kim, J.H. 2017. Cellulose-polyvinyl alcohol-nano-TiO2 nanocomposite:
Thermal, optical and antimicrobial properties against pathogenic bacteria. Polymer-Plastics
Technology and Engineering 57(7): 669- 681.
Sadr, S.M.K. &
Saroj, D.P. 2015. Membrane technologies for municipal wastewater treatment. In Advances
in Membrane Technologies for Water Treatment: Materials, Processes and
Applications, edited by Basile, A., Cassano, A. & Rastogi, N.K. Surrey:
Elsevier. p. 445.
Samad, N.A., Othaman, R
& Abdullah, I. 2014. Preparation and characterisation of epoxidised natural
rubber/polyvinyl chloride/rice husk (ENR/PVC/RH) thin film composite by
solution casting technique. International Journal of Materials Engineering
Innovation 5(1): 61-69.
Shah, S.M.H., Yusof,
K.W., Mustaffa, Z. & Mustafa, A. 2014. Concentration of total suspended
solids (TSS) influenced by the simulated rainfall event on highway embankment. International
Journal of Engineering and Technology 6(6): 493-496.
Shamsuddin, M.R.,
Abdullah, I. & Othaman, R. 2013. Celluloses filled ENR/PVC membranes for
palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment. AIP Conference Proceedings 1571:
897-903.
Sreekala, M.S., Goda, K.
& Devi, P.V. 2008. Sorption characteristics of water, oil and diesel in
cellulose nanofiber reinforced corn starch resin/ramie. Composite Interface 15(2):
281-299.
Tanjung, F.A., Hassan,
A. & Hasan, M. 2015. Use of epoxidized natural rubber as a toughening agent
in plastics. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 132(29): 42270-42278.
Viet, C.X., Ismail, H.,
Rashid, A.A., Takeichi, T. & Thao, V.H. 2008. Organoclay filled natural
rubber nanocomposites: The effects of filler loading. Polymer Plastics
Technology and Engineering 47(11): 1090-1096.
Wang, B.G., Ando, M.,
Yin, H., Hong, B. & Peng, Y. 2006. Mathematical modeling of flux in
ultrafiltration membrane for water treatment mathematical modeling of flux. Separation
Science and Technology 41(6): 1179-1191.
Zahari, J.I. 2017.
Membran getah asli terepoksida/polivinil klorida/selulosa untuk rawatan efluen
minyak kelapa sawit (POME). Masters Thesis, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. pp.
99-108 (Unpublished).
Zhang, H., Guo, Y., Yao,
J. & He, M. 2016. Epoxidised soybean oil polymer composites reinforced with
modified microcrystalline cellulose. Journal of Experimental Nanoscience 11(5):
1213-1226.
Zhang, J., Wang, Z.,
Liu, M., Zhao, F. & Wu, Z. 2017. In-situ modification of PVDF
membrane during phase-inversion process using carbon nanosphere sol as
coagulation bath for enhancing anti-fouling ability. Journal of Membrane
Science 526: 272-280.
*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: rizafizah@ukm.edu.my
|