Sains
Malaysiana 50(6)(2021): 1543-1562
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5006-04
Tillage
Systems Affecting Rice-Wheat Cropping System
(Sistem
Pembajakan Mempengaruhi Sistem Tanaman Padi-Gandum)
RAFI QAMAR1*,
ATIQUE UR REHMAN2, HAFIZ MUHAMMAD RASHAD JAVEED3, ABDUL
REHMAN1, MUHAMMAD EHSAN SAFDAR1, HASNIAN ALI1 & SHAKEEL AHMAD2
1Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University
of Sargodha, Pakistan
2Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya
University, Multan, Pakistan
3Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS
University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan
Diserahkan: 25 April 2020/Diterima: 8 Oktober 2020
ABSTRACT
Rice-wheat production is an essential component of
cropping systems in the Indus-Ganga Plains (IGP) which play a pivotal role in
food security of south Asia. These crops are being cultivated on an area of
about 13.5 M ha of South Asia. In rice-wheat cropping system, the major reason
for lower wheat grain yield is use of unwise tillage practices during wheat
seedbed preparation, cultivation of late maturing rice varieties, water
shortage, labor shortage, high cost of fertilizers and poor crop management
practices. Resource-conserving technology improves the sustainability and
productivity of wheat, which ultimately increase the farmer’s livelihood and
reduce poverty. Tillage plays an important role in agricultural operation for
soil manipulation to optimize the crop productivity. Different tillage systems
are being practiced for wheat production in rice-wheat cropping systems
including intensive tillage system, conventional and deep tillage, conservation
tillage that consisting of minimum tillage, ridge tillage, and no-till or zero
tillage system. Zero tillage gives more accessible and efficient planting
system that ensures timely wheat cultivation, cut off the tillage operation,
better crop residue management that ultimately minimize the cost of production
and keeps environment clean. Operational costs for wheat sowing are 50-60%
lower with zero tillage (ZT) sowing than with conventional sowing. The cost
saving effect is the main reason for the spread of zero tillage technology in
rice-wheat system. Current paper presented a review of different tillage
systems and their effects on soil physical properties, plant available water,
soil organic matter and nutrients, rice residues, wheat yield and farmer’s
economics.
Keywords: Rice; rice-wheat system; tillage system effects;
wheat; zero tillage
ABSTRAK
Pengeluaran gandum adalah komponen penting dalam
sistem penanaman di Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) Asia Selatan yang mempunyai
peranan penting dalam keselamatan makanan dunia. Tanaman ini diusahakan di
kawasan seluas kira-kira 13.5 M ha di Asia Selatan. Dalam sistem penanaman
gandum padi, alasan utama penurunan hasil gandum adalah penggunaan amalan
penanaman yang tidak bijak semasa penyediaan benih gandum, penanaman varieti
padi yang sudah matang, kekurangan air, kekurangan tenaga kerja, kos baja yang
tinggi dan amalan pengurusan tanaman yang buruk. Teknologi penjimatan sumber
meningkatkan kelestarian dan produktiviti gandum, yang akhirnya meningkatkan
penghidupan petani dan mengurangkan kemiskinan. Pembajakan mempunyai peranan
penting dalam operasi pertanian untuk manipulasi tanah untuk mengoptimumkan
produktiviti tanaman. Sistem penanaman yang berlainan dipraktikkan untuk
produksi gandum dalam sistem penanaman gandum padi termasuk sistem pengolahan
intensif, penanaman konvensional dan dalam penggarapan konservasi yang terdiri
daripada pengolahan minimum, penanaman rabung dan sistem penanaman tanpa
penanaman atau sifar. Tanaman sifar menghasilkan sistem penanaman yang lebih
mudah diakses dan cekap yang memastikan penanaman gandum tepat pada masanya,
memotong operasi penanaman, pengurusan sisa tanaman yang lebih baik yang
akhirnya meminimumkan kos pengeluaran dan menjaga kebersihan persekitaran. Kos
operasi untuk semaian gandum adalah 50-60% lebih rendah dengan semaian sifar
pembajakan (ZT) daripada semaian konvensional. Kesan penjimatan kos adalah
sebab utama penyebaran teknologi penanaman sifar dalam sistem gandum. Kertas
ini membentangkan kajian mengenai sistem pengolahan yang berbeza dan kesannya
terhadap sifat fizikal tanah, air yang ada pada tanaman, bahan organik tanah
dan nutrien, sisa beras, hasil gandum dan ekonomi petani.
Kata kunci: Gandum; kesan sistem pembajakan; padi; sawah; sistem
padi-gandum
RUJUKAN
Abid, M. & Lal, R. 2008. Tillage and drainage
impact on soil quality: I. Aggregate stability, carbon and nitrogen pools. Soil
and Tillage Research 100(1-2): 89-98.
Addiscott, T.M. & Thomas, D. 2000. Tillage,
mineralization and leaching: Phosphate. Soil and Tillage Research 53(3-4): 255-273.
Ahmad, A., Ashfaq, M., Rasul, G., Wajid, S.A.,
Khaliq, T., Rasul, F., Saeed, U., Rahman, M.H.U., Hussain, J., Ahmad Baig, I.
& Naqvi, S.A.A. 2015. Impact of climate change on the rice-wheat cropping
system of Pakistan. In Handbook of Climate Change and Agroecosystems: The
Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project Integrated Crop and
Economic Assessments, Part 2. Singapore: World Scientific pp. 219-258.
Ahmad, M., Ilyas, M. & Turral, H. 2004. A
comparative analysis of crop water productivity of rice-wheat and cotton-wheat
rotations in Rechna Doab, Punjab, Pakistan. In New Directions for a Diverse
Planet, 4th International Crop Science Congress in conjunction with the
12th Australian Agronomy Conference and the 5th Asian Crop Science Conference.
Brisbane: Australian Society of Agronomy.
Ahmad, N., Hassan, F.U. & Belford, R.K. 2009.
Effect of soil compaction in the sub-humid cropping environment in Pakistan on
uptake of NPK and grain yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum): I.
Compaction. Field Crops Research 110(1): 54-60.
Al-Kaisi, M.M., Yin, X. & Licht, M.A. 2005. Soil
carbon and nitrogen changes as influenced by tillage and cropping systems in
some Iowa soils. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 105(4):
635-647.
Alvarez, R. & Steinbach, H.S. 2009. A review of
the effects of tillage systems on some soil physical properties, water content,
nitrate availability and crops yield in the Argentine Pampas. Soil and
Tillage Research 104(1): 1-15.
Bai, Y., Chen, F., Li, H., Chen, H., He, J., Wang,
Q., Tullberg, J.N. & Gong, Y. 2008. Traffic and tillage effects on wheat
production on the Loess Plateau of China: 2. Soil physical properties. Soil
Research 46(8): 652-658.
Bakhsh, K., Hassan, I. & Maqbool, A. 2005.
Impact assessment of zero-tillage technology in rice-wheat system: A case study
from Pakistani Punjab. Electronic Journal of Environmental,
Agricultural and Food Chemistry 4(6): 1132-1137.
Balesdent, J., Chenu, C. & Balabane, M. 2000.
Relationship of soil organic matter dynamics to physical protection and
tillage. Soil and Tillage Research 53(3-4): 215-230.
Basamba, T.A., Amezquita, E., Singh, B.R. & Rao,
I.M. 2006. Effects of tillage systems on soil physical properties, root
distribution and maize yield on a Colombian acid-savanna Oxisol. Acta
Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B-Soil and Plant Science 56(4):
255-262.
Bauer, P.J., Frederick, J.R. & Busscher, W.J.
2002. Tillage effect on nutrient stratification in narrow-and wide-row cropping
systems. Soil and Tillage Research 66(2): 175-182.
Bescansa, P., Imaz, M.J., Virto, I., Enrique, A.
& Hoogmoed, W.B. 2006. Soil water retention as affected by tillage and
residue management in semiarid Spain. Soil and Tillage Research 87(1):
19-27.
Boydaş, M.G. & Turgut, N. 2007. Effect of
tillage implements and operating speeds on soil physical properties and wheat
emergence. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 31(6): 399-412.
Brula, M.I. 2002. Zero tillage catalyst to
economical production. Agro Veterinary News 14(5): 1-14.
Carr, P.M., Horsley, R.D. & Poland, W.W. 2003.
Tillage and seeding rate effects on wheat cultivars. Crop Science 43(1):
210-218.
Cavalieri, K.M.V., da Silva, A.P., Tormena, C.A.,
Leão, T.P., Dexter, A.R. & Håkansson, I. 2009. Long-term effects of
no-tillage on dynamic soil physical properties in a Rhodic Ferrasol in Paraná,
Brazil. Soil and Tillage Research 103(1): 158-164.
Cociu, A.I. & Alionte, E. 2011. Yield and some
quality traits of winter wheat, maize and soybean, grown in different tillage
and deep loosening systems aimed to soil conservation. Romanian
Agricultural Research 28(1): 109-120.
Czyż, E.A. & Dexter, A.R. 2008. Soil
physical properties under winter wheat grown with different tillage systems at
selected locations. International Agrophysics 22(3): 191-201.
da
Silveira Nicoloso, R., Amado, T.J.C., Schneider, S., Lanzanova, M.E., Girardello
V.C. & Bragagnolo, J. 2008. Eficiência da escarificação
mecânica e biológica na melhoria dos atributos físicos de um latossolo muito
argiloso e no incremento do rendimento de soja. R. Bras. Ci. Solo 32:
1723-1734.
De Moraes Sa, J.C., Cerri, C.C., Lal, R., Dick,
W.A., de Cassia Piccolo, M. & Feigl, B.E. 2009. Soil organic carbon and
fertility interactions affected by a tillage chronosequence in a Brazilian
Oxisol. Soil and Tillage Research 104(1): 56-64.
De Vita, P., Di Paolo, E., Fecondo, G., Di Fonzo, N.
& Pisante, M. 2007. No-tillage and conventional tillage effects on durum
wheat yield, grain quality and soil moisture content in southern Italy. Soil
and Tillage Research 92(1-2): 69-78.
Deen, W. & Kataki, P.K. 2003. Carbon
sequestration in a long-term conventional versus conservation tillage
experiment. Soil and Tillage Research 74(2): 143-150.
Derpsch, R., Friedrich, T., Kassam, A. & Li, H.
2010. Current status of adoption of no-till farming in the world and some of
its main benefits. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological
Engineering 3(1): 1-25.
DGA. 2000. Resource Conservation Technology for
Enhancing Wheat Productivity. Recommendations for 2000-01. Punjab:
Directorate General Agriculture (DGA).
Erenstein, O. & Laxmi, V. 2008. Zero tillage
impacts in India's rice-wheat systems: A review. Soil and Tillage
Research 100(1-2): 1-14.
Erenstein,
O., Sayre, K., Wall, P., Dixon, J. & Hellin, J. 2008a. Adapting no-tillage
agriculture to the conditions of smallholder maize and wheat farmers in the
tropics and sub-tropics. In No-till Farming Systems, edited by Goddard, T., Zoebisch, M., Gan, Y., Ellis, W., Watson,
A. & Sombatpanit, S. World Association of Soil and Water Conservation
(WASWC). pp. 253-278.
Erenstein, O., Farooq, U., Malik, R.K. & Sharif,
M. 2008b. On-farm impacts of zero tillage wheat in South Asia's rice-wheat
systems. Field Crops Research 105(3): 240-252.
Fabrizzi, K.P., Garcıa, F.O., Costa, J.L. &
Picone, L.I. 2005. Soil water dynamics, physical properties and corn and wheat
responses to minimum and no-tillage systems in the southern Pampas of
Argentina. Soil and Tillage Research 81(1): 57-69.
Fernández, R.O., Fernández, P.G., Cervera, J.G.
& Torres, F.P. 2007. Soil properties and crop yields after 21 years of
direct drilling trials in southern Spain. Soil and Tillage Research 94(1):
47-54.
Fernández-Ugalde, O., Virto, I., Bescansa, P., Imaz,
M.J., Enrique, A. & Karlen, D.L. 2009. No-tillage improvement of soil
physical quality in calcareous, degradation-prone, semiarid soils. Soil
and Tillage Research 106(1): 29-35.
Ferreras, L.A., Costa, J.L., Garcia, F.O. &
Pecorari, C. 2000. Effect of no-tillage on some soil physical properties of a
structural degraded Petrocalcic Paleudoll of the southern “Pampa” of
Argentina. Soil and Tillage Research 54(1-2): 31-39.
Gangwar, K.S., Singh, K.K., Sharma, S.K. &
Tomar, O.K. 2006. Alternative tillage and crop residue management in wheat
after rice in sandy loam soils of Indo-Gangetic plains. Soil and
Tillage Research 88(1-2): 242-252.
Gangwar, K.S., Singh, K.K. & Sharma, S.K. 2004.
Effect of tillage on growth, yield and nutrient uptake in wheat after rice in
the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. The Journal of Agricultural Science 142(4):
453-459.
Garcua-Torres, L. 2000. Conservation tillage in Europe:
A needed challenge. Conservation Tillage: A Viable Option for Sustainable
Agriculture in Central Asia, edited by Karabayev, M., Satybaldin, A.,
Benites, J.R., Friedrich, T., Pala, M. & Payne, T. Almaty, Kazakhstan:
CIMMYT; Aleppo, Syria: ICARDA. pp. 46-49.
Gill, M.A. 2006. Zero tillage wheat production in
rice-wheat cropping system: Evidence from farmers' field. Pakistan
Journal of Agricultural Research 19(4): 1-6.
Govaerts, B., Mezzalama, M., Unno, Y., Sayre, K.D.,
Luna-Guido, M., Vanherck, K., Dendooven, L. & Deckers, J. 2007. Influence
of tillage, residue management, and crop rotation on soil microbial biomass and
catabolic diversity. Applied Soil Ecology 37(1-2): 18-30.
Govaerts, B., Sayre, K.D. & Deckers, J. 2005.
Stable high yields with zero tillage and permanent bed planting? Field
Crops Research 94(1): 33-42.
Gupta, R.K., Naresh, R.K., Hobbs, P.R., Jiaguo, Z.
& Ladha, J.K. 2003. Sustainability of post green Revolution agriculture: The rice wheat cropping systems of the Indo gangetic plains and China. In Improving the
Productivity and Sustainability of Rice‐Wheat Systems: Issues and Impacts,
edited by Ladha, J.K., Hill, J.E., Duxbyry, J.M., Gupta, R.K. & Buresh,
R.J. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. pp.1-25.
Håkansson, I. 2005. Machinery-Induced
Compaction of Arable Soils. Uppsala: Institutionen för markvetenskap,
Avdelningen för jordbearbetning.
Hamza, M.A. & Anderson, W.K. 2005. Soil
compaction in cropping systems: A review of the nature, causes and possible
solutions. Soil and Tillage Research 82(2): 121-145.
Hemmat, A. & Eskandari, I. 2004. Conservation
tillage practices for winter wheat-fallow farming in the temperate continental
climate of northwestern Iran. Field Crops Research 89(1):
123-133.
Hemmat, A. & Eskandari, I. 2006. Dryland winter
wheat response to conservation tillage in a continuous cropping system in
northwestern Iran. Soil and Tillage Research 86(1): 99-109.
Hernanz, J.L., Sánchez-Girón, V. & Navarrete, L.
2009. Soil carbon sequestration and stratification in a cereal/leguminous crop
rotation with three tillage systems in semiarid conditions. Agriculture,
Ecosystems & Environment 133(1-2): 114-122.
Hobbs, P.R. 2001. Tillage and crop establishment in
south Asian rice-wheat systems: Present practices and future options. Journal
of Crop Production 4(1): 1-22.
Hobbs, P.R. & Gupta, R.K. 2003.
Resource-conserving technologies for wheat in the rice-wheat system. In Improving
the Productivity and Sustainability of Rice‐Wheat Systems: Issues and
Impacts, edited by Ladha, J.K., Hill, J.E., Duxbyry, J.M., Gupta, R.K.
& Buresh, R.J. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 149-171.
Huang, G.B., Qiang, C.H.A.I., Feng, F.X. & Yu,
A.Z. 2012. Effects of different tillage systems on soil properties, root
growth, grain yield, and water use efficiency of winter wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.) in arid Northwest China. Journal of Integrative
Agriculture 11(8): 1286-1296.
Husnjak, S., Filipovic, D. & Kosutic, S. 2002.
Influence of Different Tillage Systems on Soil Physical Properties and Crop
Yield. Czech Republic: Rostlinna Vyroba-UZPI. pp. 249-254.
Iqbal, M., Khan, M.A., Anwar, M.Z. & Mohsin,
A.Q. 2002. Zero-tillage technology and farm profits: A case study of wheat
growers in the rice zone of Punjab. The Pakistan Development Review 41(4): 665-682.
Jacobs, A., Rauber, R. & Ludwig, B. 2009. Impact
of reduced tillage on carbon and nitrogen storage of two Haplic Luvisols after
40 years. Soil and Tillage Research 102(1): 158-164.
Jat, M.L., Gathala, M.K., Ladha, J.K., Saharawat,
Y.S., Jat, A.S., Kumar, V., Sharma, S.K., Kumar, V. & Gupta, R. 2009.
Evaluation of precision land leveling and double zero-till systems in the
rice-wheat rotation: Water use, productivity, profitability and soil physical
properties. Soil and Tillage Research 105(1): 112-121.
Jin, H., Hongwen, L., Xiaoyan, W., McHugh, A.D.,
Wenying, L., Huanwen, G. & Kuhn, N.J. 2007. The adoption of annual
subsoiling as conservation tillage in dryland maize and wheat cultivation in
northern China. Soil and Tillage Research 94(2): 493-502.
Khaledian, M.R., Mailhol, J.C., Ruelle, P., Mubarak,
I. & Perret, S. 2010. The impacts of direct seeding into mulch on the
energy balance of crop production system in the SE of France. Soil and
Tillage Research 106(2): 218-226.
Khurshid, K.A.S.H.I.F., Iqbal, M., Arif, M.S. &
Nawaz, A. 2006. Effect of tillage and mulch on soil physical properties and
growth of maize. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 8(5):
593-596.
Koch, H.J. & Stockfisch, N. 2006. Loss of soil
organic matter upon ploughing under a loess soil after several years of
conservation tillage. Soil and Tillage Research 86(1): 73-83.
Kukal, S.S. & Aggarwal, G.C. 2003. Puddling
depth and intensity effects in rice-wheat system on a sandy loam soil: I.
development of subsurface compaction. Soil and Tillage Research 72(1):
1-8.
Kumar, A. & Yadav, D.S. 2001. Long‐term
effects of fertilizers on the soil fertility and productivity of a rice-wheat
system. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 186(1): 47-54.
Ladha, J.K., Dawe, D., Pathak, H., Padre, A.T.,
Yadav, R.L., Singh, B., Singh, Y., Singh, Y., Singh, P., Kundu, A.L. &
Sakal, R. 2003. How extensive are yield declines in long-term rice-wheat
experiments in Asia? Field Crops Research 81(2-3): 159-180.
Ladha, J.K., Fischer, K.S., Hossain, M., Hobbs, P.R.
& Hardy, B. 2000. Improving the Productivity and Sustainability of
Rice-Wheat Systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plains: A Synthesis of NARS-IRRI
Partnership Research. Los Baños: International Rice Research Institute.
Landers, J. 2000. Twenty-five practical lessons
learned for implementation of zero tillage in Brazil. In Conservation
Tillage: A Viable Option for Sustainable Agriculture in Central Asia.
Almaty, Kazakhstan: CIMMYT; Aleppo, Syria: ICARDA.
Licht, M.A. & Al-Kaisi, M. 2005. Strip-tillage
effect on seedbed soil temperature and other soil physical properties. Soil
and Tillage Research 80(1-2): 233-249.
Lithourgidis, A.S., Tsatsarelis, C.A. & Dhima,
K.V. 2005. Tillage effects on corn emergence, silage yield, and labor and fuel
inputs in double cropping with wheat. Crop Science 45(6):
2523-2528.
Liu, C.A., Jin, S.L., Zhou, L.M., Jia, Y., Li, F.M.,
Xiong, Y.C. & Li, X.G. 2009. Effects of plastic film mulch and tillage on
maize productivity and soil parameters. European Journal of Agronomy 31(4):
241-249.
Li, Su-Juan, Chen, J-K., Chen, F., Li, L. &
Zhang, H.L. 2008. Characteristics of growth and development of winter wheat
under zero tillage in North China Plain. Acta Agronomica Sinica 34(2):
290-296.
Logsdon, S.D. & Karlen, D.L. 2004. Bulk density
as a soil quality indicator during conversion to no-tillage. Soil and
Tillage Research 78(2): 143-149.
López-Bellido, R.J., López-Bellido, L., Castillo,
J.E. & López-Bellido, F.J. 2003. Nitrogen uptake by sunflower as affected
by tillage and soil residual nitrogen in a wheat-sunflower rotation under
rainfed Mediterranean conditions. Soil and Tillage Research 72(1):
43-51.
López-Fando, C. & Pardo, M.T. 2009. Changes in
soil chemical characteristics with different tillage practices in a semi-arid
environment. Soil and Tillage Research 104(2): 278-284.
Lupwayi, N.Z., Clayton, G.W., O’Donovan, J.T.,
Harker, K.N., Turkington, T.K. & Soon, Y.K. 2006. Nitrogen release during
decomposition of crop residues under conventional and zero tillage. Canadian
Journal of Soil Science 86(1): 11-19.
Malecka, I., Blecharczyk, A., Sawinska, Z. &
Dobrzeniecki, T. 2012. The effect of various long-term tillage systems on soil
properties and spring barley yield. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and
Forestry 36(2): 217-226.
Malhi, S.S. & Lemke, R. 2007. Tillage, crop
residue and N fertilizer effects on crop yield, nutrient uptake, soil quality
and nitrous oxide gas emissions in a second 4-yr rotation cycle. Soil
and Tillage Research 96(1-2): 269-283.
Martínez, E., Fuentes, J.P., Silva, P., Valle, S.
& Acevedo, E. 2008. Soil physical properties and wheat root growth as
affected by no-tillage and conventional tillage systems in a Mediterranean
environment of Chile. Soil and Tillage Research 99(2): 232-244.
Martin-Rueda, I., Munoz-Guerra, L.M., Yunta, F.,
Esteban, E., Tenorio, J.L. & Lucena, J.J. 2007. Tillage and crop rotation
effects on barley yield and soil nutrients on a Calciortidic Haploxeralf. Soil
and Tillage Research 92(1-2): 1-9.
McConkey, B.G., Liang, B.C., Campbell, C.A., Curtin,
D., Moulin, A., Brandt, S.A. & Lafond, G.P. 2003. Crop rotation and tillage
impact on carbon sequestration in Canadian prairie soils. Soil and
Tillage Research 74(1): 81-90.
McCool, D.K., Pannkuk, C.D., Kennedy, A.C. &
Fletcher, P.S. 2008. Effects of burn/low-till on erosion and soil
quality. Soil and Tillage Research 101(1-2): 2-9.
McMaster, G.S., Palic, D.B. & Dunn, G.H. 2002.
Soil management alters seedling emergence and subsequent autumn growth and
yield in dryland winter wheat-fallow systems in the central Great Plains on a
clay loam soil. Soil and Tillage Research 65(2): 193-206.
Meenakshi. 2010. Influence of paddy residue and
nitrogen management on the productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).
Master Thesis. Ludhiana: Punjab Agricultural University (Unpublished).
Morris, N.L., Miller, P.C.H., Orson, J.H. &
Froud-Williams, R.J. 2009. The effect of wheat straw residue on the emergence
and early growth of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) and oilseed rape (Brassica
napus). European Journal of Agronomy 30(3): 151-162.
Moussa-Machraoui, S.B., Errouissi, F., Ben-Hammouda,
M. & Nouira, S. 2010. Comparative effects of conventional and no-tillage
management on some soil properties under Mediterranean semi-arid conditions in
northwestern Tunisia. Soil and Tillage Research 106(2):
247-253.
Mrabet, R. 2002. Stratification of soil aggregation
and organic matter under conservation tillage systems in Africa. Soil
and Tillage Research 66(2): 119-128.
Mrabet, R., Ibno Namr, K., Smali, N., Ahdi, M. &
Saber, N. 2000. Soil quality and associated changes in fertilizer management
for wheat in no-tillage production systems of semiarid Morocco. In Actes
du Premier Congrès de l'Association Marocaine des Sciences du Sol. Meknès:
Ecole nationale de l’agriculture de Meknès. pp. 18-19.
Osunbitan, J.A., Oyedele, D.J. & Adekalu, K.O.
2005. Tillage effects on bulk density, hydraulic conductivity and strength of a
loamy sand soil in southwestern Nigeria. Soil and Tillage Research 82(1):
57-64.
Ozpinar, S. 2006. Effects of tillage systems on weed
population and economics for winter wheat production under the Mediterranean
dryland conditions. Soil and Tillage Research 87(1): 1-8.
Pedrotti, A., Pauletto, E.A., Crestana, S., Holanda,
F.S.R., Cruvinel, P.E. & Vaz, C.M.P. 2005. Evaluation of bulk density of Albaqualf
soil under different tillage systems using the volumetric ring and computerized
tomography methods. Soil and Tillage Research 80(1-2): 115-123.
Prasad, B., Sinha, R.K. & Singh, A.K. 2002.
Studies on the effect of nitrogen management on yield of wheat in rice-wheat
cropping system under zero tillage. In Proceedings International
Workshop Herbicide Resistance Management and Zero Tillage in Rice-Wheat
Cropping System. pp. 4-6.
Qin, H.L., Gao, W.S., Ma, Y.C., Ma, L., Yin, C.M.,
Chen, Z. & Chen, C. 2008. Effects of subsoiling on soil moisture under
no-tillage for two years. Agricultural Sciences in China 7(1): 88-95.
Qingjie, W., Hao, C., Hongwen, L., Wenying, L.,
Xiaoyan, W., McHugh, A.D., Jin, H. & Huanwen, G. 2009. Controlled traffic
farming with no tillage for improved fallow water storage and crop yield on the
Chinese Loess Plateau. Soil and Tillage Research 104(1):
192-197.
Rafi, Q., Riaz, A. & Muhammad, I. 2012. Response
of wheat to tillage and nitrogen fertilization in rice-wheat system. Pakistan
Journal of Agricultural Sciences 49(3): 243-254.
Rahman, M.A., Chikushi, J., Saifizzaman, M. &
Lauren, J.G. 2005. Rice straw mulching and nitrogen response of no-till wheat
following rice in Bangladesh. Field Crops Research 91(1):
71-81.
Rautaray, S.K. 2005. Machinery for conservation
agriculture: Progress and needs. Conservation Agriculture-Status and
Prospects, edited by Abrol, I.P., Gupta, R.K. & Malik, R.K. New Delhi:
Centre for Advancement of Sustainable Agriculture pp. 43-49.
Saharawat, Y.S., Singh, B., Malik, R.K., Ladha,
J.K., Gathala, M., Jat, M.L. & Kumar, V. 2010. Evaluation of alternative
tillage and crop establishment methods in a rice-wheat rotation in North
Western IGP. Field Crops Research 116(3): 260-267.
Sainju, U.M., Whitehead, W.F., Singh, B.P. &
Wang, S. 2006. Tillage, cover crops, and nitrogen fertilization effects on soil
nitrogen and cotton and sorghum yields. European Journal of Agronomy 25(4):
372-382.
Salinas-Garcıa, J.R., de J
Velázquez-Garcı́a, J., Gallardo-Valdez, M., Dıaz-Mederos, P.,
Caballero-Hernández, F., Tapia-Vargas, L.M. & Rosales-Robles, E. 2002.
Tillage effects on microbial biomass and nutrient distribution in soils under
rain-fed corn production in central-western Mexico. Soil and Tillage
Research 66(2): 143-152.
Selles, F., McConkey, B.G. & Campbell, C.A.
1999. Distribution and forms of P under cultivator-and zero-tillage for
continuous-and fallow-wheat cropping systems in the semi-arid Canadian
prairies. Soil and Tillage Research 51(1-2): 47-59.
Sharma, P.K. & Bhushan, L. 2001. Physical
characterization of a soil amended with organic residues in a rice-wheat
cropping system using a single value soil physical index. Soil and
Tillage Research 60(3-4): 143-152.
Sharma, R.K., Chhokar, R.S., Chauhan, D.S., Gathala,
M.K., Rani, V. & Kumar, A. 2002. Paradigm tillage shift in rice-wheat
system for greater profitability. In Herbicide Resistance Management
and Zero Tillage in Rice-Wheat Cropping System. Hisar: CCSHAU. pp. 131-135.
Shipitalo, M.J., Dick, W.A. & Edwards, W.M.
2000. Conservation tillage and macropore factors that affect water movement and
the fate of chemicals. Soil and Tillage Research 53(3-4):
167-183.
Šimon, T., Javůrek, M., Mikanova, O. &
Vach, M. 2009. The influence of tillage systems on soil organic matter and soil
hydrophobicity. Soil and Tillage Research 105(1): 44-48.
Singh, D. 2010. Studies to moderate the heat stress effects on wheat
(Triticum aestivum L.) productivity. PhD Thesis. Ludhiana: Punjab Agricultural University (Unpublished).
Singh, K.K. & Sharma, S.K. 2005. Conservation
tillage and crop residue management in rice-wheat cropping system. In Conservation
Agriculture-Status and Prospects, edited by Abrol, I.P., Gupta, R.K. &
Malik, R.K. New Delhi: Centre for Advancement of Sustainable Agriculture. pp.
23-32.
Sinha, R.K., Singh, A.K. & Shahi, B. 2005. Need
of Zero Tillage in Bihar: Farmer’s Participatory Research. Haryana:
Directorate of Extension Educatrion CCS Haryana Agricultural University
Hisar-124 004. p. 261.
Sparrow, S.D., Lewis, C.E. & Knight, C.W. 2006.
Soil quality response to tillage and crop residue removal under subarctic
conditions. Soil and Tillage Research 91(1-2): 15-21.
Sundermeier, A.P., Islam, K.R., Raut, Y., Reeder,
R.C. & Dick, W.A. 2011. Continuous no-till impacts on soil biophysical
carbon sequestration. Soil Science Society of America Journal 75(5):
1779-1788.
Tabatabaeefar, A., Emamzadeh, H., Varnamkhasti,
M.G., Rahimizadeh, R. & Karimi, M. 2009. Comparison of energy of tillage
systems in wheat production. Energy 34(1): 41-45.
Tahir, M.A., Sardar, M.S., Quddus, M.A. &
Ashfaq, M. 2008. Economics of zero tillage technology of wheat in rice-wheat
cropping system of Punjab-Pakistan. Journal of Animal and Plant
Sciences 18: 42-46.
Teal, R.K., Freeman, K.W., Girma, K., Arnall, D.B.,
Lawles, J.W., Martin, K.L., Mullen, R.W. & Raun, W.R. 2007. Effect of
tillage and anhydrous ammonia application on nitrogen use efficiency of hard
red winter wheat. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 30(2):
51-67.
Thomas, G.A., Dalal, R.C. & Standley, J. 2007.
No-till effects on organic matter, pH, cation exchange capacity and nutrient
distribution in a Luvisol in the semi-arid subtropics. Soil and Tillage
Research 94(2): 295-304.
Timsina, J. & Connor, D.J. 2001. Productivity
and management of rice-wheat cropping systems: Issues and challenges. Field
Crops Research 69(2): 93-132.
Tripathi, R.P., Sharma, P. & Singh, S. 2007.
Influence of tillage and crop residue on soil physical properties and yields of
rice and wheat under shallow water table conditions. Soil and Tillage
Research 92(1-2): 221-226.
Uri, N.D. 2000. An evaluation of the economic
benefits and costs of conservation tillage. Environmental Geology 39(3-4)
238-248.
Usman, K., Khalil, S.K., Khan, A.Z., Khalil, I.H.
& Khan, M.A. 2010. Tillage and herbicides impact on weed control and wheat
yield under rice-wheat cropping system in Northwestern Pakistan. Soil
and Tillage Research 110(1): 101-107.
Van Den Bossche, A., De Bolle, S., De Neve, S. &
Hofman, G. 2009. Effect of tillage intensity on N mineralization of different
crop residues in a temperate climate. Soil and Tillage Research 103(2):
316-324.
Veiga, M.D., Reinert, D.J., Reichert, J.M. &
Kaiser, D.R. 2008. Short and long-term effects of tillage systems and nutrient
sources on soil physical properties of a southern Brazilian Hapludox. Revista
Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 32(4): 1437-1446.
Verch, G., Kächele, H., Höltl, K., Richter, C. &
Fuchs, C. 2009. Comparing the profitability of tillage methods in Northeast
Germany-A field trial from 2002 to 2005. Soil and Tillage Research 104(1):
16-21.
Vogeler, I., Rogasik, J., Funder, U., Panten, K.
& Schnug, E. 2009. Effect of tillage systems and P-fertilization on soil
physical and chemical properties, crop yield and nutrient uptake. Soil
and Tillage Research 103(1): 137-143.
Wright, A.L. 2009. Phosphorus sequestration in soil
aggregates after long-term tillage and cropping. Soil and Tillage
Research 103(2): 406-411.
Xu, T.P., Zhu, B., Wang, T. & Kuang, F.H. 2006.
Effects of returned straw on nutrient loss from slope cropland of purple
soil. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 20(1): 30-32.
Yadav, D.S., Sushant, A.R. & Kumar, B. 2002.
Performance of wheat under zero tillage in rice-wheat cropping system under
Eastern UP conditions. In Proceedings of International Workshop on
Herbicide Resistance Management and Zero Tillage in Rice-Wheat Cropping System. pp. 123-126.
Yaduraju, N.T. & Mishra, J.S. 2002. Zero-Tillage
in rice-wheat cropping system on vertisols in Madhya Pradesh: Prospects and
problems. In Proceedings of International Workshop on Herbicide
Resistance Management and Zero-tillage in Rice-Wheat Cropping System. pp.
4-6.
Younis, M., Sabir, M., Iqbal, M. & Alit, A.
2006. Comparative performance of zone till sowing, slot planting and
conventional sowing technique of wheat in rice-vacated fields. Journal
of Agricultural Research 44(1): 59-70.
Zamuner, E.C., Picone, L.I. & Echeverria, H.E.
2008. Organic and inorganic phosphorus in Mollisol soil under different tillage
practices. Soil and Tillage Research 99(2): 131-138.
Zhang, D.X., Han, Z.Q., Li, D.P., Liu, W., Gao, S.,
Hou, D. & Chang, L. 2005. Effects of returning maize straw into field on
dynamic change of soil microbial biomass C, N and P under different promoted
decay condition. The Journal of Applied Ecology 16(10): 1903-1908.
Zibilske, L.M., Bradford, J.M. & Smart, J.R.
2002. Conservation tillage induced changes in organic carbon, total nitrogen
and available phosphorus in a semi-arid alkaline subtropical soil. Soil
and Tillage Research 66(2): 153-163.
*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email:
rafi.qamar@uos.edu.pk
|